But Black Arms to Hold You Up will come across as a radical book to most readers - shockingly to most white ones, probably less so to Blacks who have been paying attention. The subtitle is "A History of Black Resistance," and that's what Passmore provides here - a graphic-novel tour through roughly the last hundred and twenty-five years of Black American history, focused on the people most directly fighting against white state power.
He begins with Robert Charles in 1900 New Orleans, harassed and threatened by racist white cops until he fought back - he died in a shootout a few days later. In the depressing way of the times, Charles' actions sparked a (white) race riot that murdered at least a dozen Black New Orleanians, burned down two schools, and lasted for a couple of weeks. We can realize Charles had no choice, and that he gave as well as he could, but it was a tragedy not just for him but for probably thousands of others.
The stories are mostly like that, because history is mostly like that: from the lowest level of collateral damage, like Philando Castile, where one Black guy gets essentially murdered by a cop but no one else dies, up to a couple of pages early in the book about the late-18th century race riots that destroyed entire Black communities. (Passmore is clear on this, so let me be: when he says "race riots," he means a mob of white people destroying entire Black communities out of hatred and to reinforce their control. They were common for decades.) As the century goes on, the Black figures get better armed, more organized, and much more politically specific - this is the part, I think, that Passmore is most energized about, the Black Panthers and MOVE and a dozen other splinter groups with variously anarchist, socialist, and capitalist plans to create Black societies where their people would be safe, in the American South or Africa or wherever.
Because Passmore wants to focus on Black people, we get their version of history, of why authorities are doing what they do, and I'm afraid that tends to lean into various paranoid conspiracy-theory ideas. The Great Man school of history is never more present than in conspiracy theories; no one wants to believe that their enemies all just mostly agree with each other and hate the same things - it's much more satisfying to be the target of a vast effort to keep you down specifically.
Passmore is the (fictional) main character for this (mostly non-fictional) book. His estranged father, already radicalized, comes to Passmore in his home during the unrest after Castile's shooting, and - by hitting him on the head with a bunch of books by Black radicals (and I'm hoping we're not supposed to assume he just stole them from a local Black bookstore during the riots, but it's not clear and that was my first assumption) - sends him on a journey through all of these stories. In the end, Passmore will do the same for the reader: hit you on the head with a list of further reading.
Passmore wants to be inspiring, which is a hard lift. If you think that the theories of the Black thinkers he names - he leans heavily on Assata Shakur, who was involved in multiple murders and robberies before breaking out of jail and fleeting to Cuba, and who was (your reviewer says dryly) not generally well-loved in my home state of New Jersey before her death in Cuba last year - are plausible, then it may be more so. But the thinkers with more concrete ideas tended to call for violent revolution, which I think even Passmore knows would not go well for the revolutionaries.
The fictional Passmore starts the book basically saying "OK, people are out in the streets protesting and destroying things for a good reason, but that's dangerous, so I'm going to stay safe." I think his underlying point is that no Black person in the USA is actually "safe," no matter what. So they might as well pick up guns and go for it. That's a bit nihilistic for me, but I'm not Passmore.
Passmore also seems to note without saying out loud that leaders of organizations tend to be people who want power, maybe even more than they want to further the ends of their organizations. The smaller or more radical the organization, the more so. There's a lot of well-observed infighting that this cynical reader takes as mostly angling for control, using revolutionary talking points as useful building blocks rather than things to necessarily believe in. Passmore, though, may want to say that they - at least some of them - really believe in what they're saying, and that these are important ideological arguments.
His art is strong throughout, big pages full of darkness with strong, striking layouts. Passmore is working in a three-color palette here, black and white and red for emphasis, and he uses those pops of red almost like a drummer, to keep the beat of his violent story humming along and note all of the death and destruction along the way.
I can't entirely agree with the conclusions of Black Arms, but I'm not supposed to: Passmore didn't make this book for me or anyone like me. You may have a different opinion if you're closer to it.










